The chances of seeing an animal resembling the woolly mammoth one day are slim — but not entirely impossible.
This outlandish reality can only be made possible by Colossal Biosciences, a headline-grabbing company focused on bringing back the unique traits of past animals to “fix” the looming problem of extinction.
Chief Science Officer Beth Shapiro exclusively shared the organization’s mission of “de-extinction” with Bored Panda and how their knowledge could help species that are currently critically endangered.
Highlights
- Colossal Biosciences aims to bring back traits of extinct animals to combat extinction.
- Key focus species: dodo bird, thylacine, woolly mammoth.
- Technology lacks full recreation, focuses on key ecosystem traits.
A de-extinction company is currently in the works to “bring back” traits of extinct animals
Image credits: Colossal Biosciences
We are currently living in a “period of mass extinction.”
In broad terms, this means that species are vanishing at an exponential rate — far faster than they are replaced. Earth’s “normal” extinction rate usually hovers around 0.1 and 1 species per 10,000 species over 100 years, according to the World Wildlife Fund.
Now, that number is thousands of times higher.
Image credits: Colossal Biosciences
But the extensive research the company is doing may help lessen this devastating impact, and the first step towards making that happen is looking back at the past.
While most people may view “de-extinction” as something akin to what happens in Jurassic Park, Beth assured that this idea was purely fictional.
“We’re thinking about bringing back traits that are missing because species went extinct that are relevant to making ecosystems today more robust and resilient and changing, and making a really dynamic future,” she said.
The technology is currently lacking — but Colossal has steps in place to solve that
Image credits: Australian Museum
It may never be possible to fully recreate something that is “100% identical in every way, genetically, behaviorally, physiologically, to a species that used to be alive,” at least not with the technology we own now.
Instead, Colossal aims to bring back the key traits that made those past animals so vital to their ecosystems by resurrecting important phenotypes.
There are three keystone species the company is aiming to focus on.
Image credits: Australian Museum
The key to making de-extinction a reality is to first look at the dodo bird, the thylacine (Tasmanian tiger), and the woolly mammoth.
Back when Colossal was first launched, their goal was to solely focus on the “iconic species” of the woolly mammoth.
But as their team grew, they began “branching out across the Tree of Life,” which was needed if they wanted to expand biological variability.
Image credits: Britannica
With the thylacine, woolly mammoth, and dodo bird, the company has successfully covered three broad and distinct groups of animals.
“So as we’re developing these technologies that we need to bring these species back to life, we’re developing new tools that have application to biodiversity connection for all of these different lineages,” Beth stated.
To Colossal, this meant restoring certain species to their original homes
Image credits: JoBlo Animated Videos
For example, with the extinction of the dodo around 1690, their native home of Mauritius lacked that particular niche.
To emulate this loss, Beth and her team are trying to bring back a large, flightless bird that has a very big beak and is able to eat fruits — all significant features of the original extinct species.
“We will start with the closest living relative of that species, which is a Nicobar pigeon, and we will edit the DNA sequence of that Nicobar pigeon in order to resurrect those key traits,” she said.
Image credits: Yukon Beringia Interpretive Centre
After this “new Dodo, the de-extinct Dodo is able to replace the Dodo in the ecosystem where it lived, and perform all of the ecosystem services that the Dodo used to perform.”
In the case of mammals such as the woolly mammoth, scientists are able to edit their cells in a lab and clone them using somatic cell nuclear transfer — the same technology that made Dolly the sheep.
The main goal of this project has always been to help the animals that are at a high risk of extinction currently
Image credits: McGill Library/Unsplash (Not the actual photo)
While it would be fascinating to live in a world where scientists are able to essentially bring back prehistoric species, they are focusing on those critically endangered right now.
The technology is currently lacking, but Colossal is developing tools that can edit DNA so that certain animals — especially those that are on the brink of extinction — are less susceptible to threats and have a greater chance of survival.
Image credits: Colossal Biosciences
“Birds are among the most endangered species on the planet, especially birds that live on islands and where there are a lot of introduced predators and diseases that are making it difficult for birds to survive,” Beth said.
The process starts at a microscopic level where scientists are hoping to alter cells or sequences to pass on to the next generation
Image credits: Pavel Danilyuk/Pexels (Not the actual photo)
According to experts, primordial germ cells — cells that give rise to reproductivity in vertebrates — “will eventually become sperm or eggs, depending on the biological sex of the animal.”
“But those will be edited and we’ll put them into the gonads of a surrogate host and they will be fertilized with another edited sperm,” Beth said.
Image credits: Styx78
After this task is complete, the next generation will bear those edits, setting the path for biodiversity conservation to continue to grow.
For example, Hawaiian honeycreepers are in danger of becoming extinct due to the introduction of avian malaria. But if scientists had the technology to edit their DNA, “we could make them resistant” to this parasitic disease and “give those birds a chance to survive in the changed habitat of the future.”
These technological advancements are critical to preserve biodiversity, especially right now
Image credits: Jurassic World
Humans are in the midst of a current mass extinction, known as the Holocene extinction period, as it continues to the 21st century. And as it turns out — we are the culprits, as well.
According to the National History Museum, these drastic changes have been in effect since the 18th century. Deforestation, pollution, and biodiversity loss are only among a few causes.
“Since the Industrial Revolution, we have been putting pressure on nature by using its resources without supporting recovery,” reads its website.
Image credits: Tatiana Tochilova/Unsplash (Not the actual photo)
And while there have been efforts made to try to combat this, the scale of the problem is simply too overwhelming.
“What happens is we see the scale of the problem, and everybody knows that we want to do something, but it’s really hard to know where to start — so much needs to be solved at the same time,” Beth said.
So, the question remains: how can humans work together as an international community to make a decision?
Image credits: National Museums Scotland
Image credits: USGS
With a “defined project” in mind such as bringing a mammoth back to life, Colossal is already one step ahead.
Beth said, “This gives us an actionable list and lets us get started, and we can actually start making progress, and as we do that, as we say, ‘Oh, we’ve solved that,’ then we can move that over into the realm of: How can we apply this to biodiversity conservation? How can we spread the word to organizations around the world?”
Once these steps are implemented, Beth has hope that it can save the species that are still alive today from disappearing — and potentially reverse this “extinction crisis” we’ve ultimately found ourselves in.
Lovers of science are eager to see what Colossal's project may lead to
