HOW TO THINK CRITICALLY ABOUT ART
Art appreciation goes beyond a simple "I like it" or "I don't." It involves understanding the technical and compositional elements foundational to formal analysis, as well as the deeper, more profound elements that contribute to the piece's interest and worth. At one end of the “profound” spectrum, we find artists like Francis Bacon and Willem de Kooning (or any pioneering Abstract Expressionist), while at the other end, we have what I call derivative art. As Mark Rothko said, "There is no such thing as good painting about nothing." Derivative art is usually commercially motivated, often lacks depth, possibly existing to prove an "I could do that" point by mimicking another's work without the conceptual effort or original idea. Derivative art is really about nothing.
I want to begin analyzing at the fundamental level moving toward the more profound.
FORMAL ELEMENTS: THE BUILDING BLOCKS
Every artwork is built upon fundamental elements. Analyzing these elements is the first step:
Line: Lines create movement, define form, and establish visual hierarchy. Are the lines thick and expressive or thin and delicate? Do they create a sense of harmony or tension?
Shape: Shapes can be geometric (circles, squares) or organic (natural forms like leaves and rocks). How do the shapes interact with each other? Do they anchor the painting or are they dynamic? Diagonals, sharp angles, and overlapping forms can contribute to a dynamic feel.
Color: Colors hold immense psychological power. Is the palette dominated by warm or cool colors? Does the artist use high contrast or a more muted approach?
Value: Value refers to the lightness or darkness of tones. How does the artist use value to create depth and dimension? Is there a strong contrast between light and dark, or a more subtle gradation?
Texture: Texture refers to the actual or implied surface quality. Is the painting smooth or impasto (thick paint application)? Does the sculpture feel rough or polished?
Space: How does the artist utilize positive and negative space (the area occupied by the subject and the empty space around it)? Does the work feel crowded or expansive?
Composition: Composition refers to the overall arrangement of elements within the artwork. Is the composition symmetrical or asymmetrical? Does it draw the viewer's eye in a specific direction?
Use of Material: Analyze what materials the artist employed and how their choice contributes to the artwork's meaning and overall impact. Consider both traditional applications of the materials and unconventional uses that enhance the expressive qualities of the piece.
CONTEXT IS KING
Art doesn't exist in a vacuum. Consider the following:
The Artist: Research the artist's background, style, and inspirations. Were they part of a particular movement? What themes or messages did they often explore?
Historical Context: When was the artwork created? What social, political, or cultural events might have influenced the artist?
Medium and Technique: How did the artist choose to create the work? Does the medium itself hold significance (e.g., photography in its early days)?
Art critic Jerry Saltz argues, "Art's only job is to make you feel something. It can make you feel anything: wonder, joy, fear, rage, love, lust, boredom, but something." Francis Bacon echoed this sentiment, noting, “I’m much more pleased when they hate them (referring to his paintings) than when they like them; after all, it means that there might really be something there.” Consider your own emotional response to the artwork. What does it make you feel? Why?
INTERPRETATION AND PERSONAL RESPONSE
Having examined the formal elements and context, formulate your own interpretation. What is the artist trying to communicate? Is there a deeper meaning beyond the surface? What makes their composition or style truly distinct? Did they present a familiar subject from a completely fresh perspective? Do they use unconventional materials? Have they pioneered a new technique? Did the artist explore entirely new themes or concepts?
For example, if you're analyzing a Jackson Pollock painting, discuss his revolutionary drip technique and how it broke away from traditional brushwork, developing non-representational works. Although opinions on Pollock's work vary, it undoubtedly evokes strong reactions. It's important to distinguish between minor variations and genuine artistic leaps. If the artist is simply tweaking an existing style, it might not be as impactful as a completely new way of seeing the world.
ART ANALYSIS IS A JOURNEY
Art analysis is not about finding a single "correct" answer. It's about a personal journey of discovery, fueled by observation, knowledge, and your unique perspective. There are no wrong answers! Embrace the open-ended nature of art and enjoy the process of analysis. As you practice, your confidence and appreciation for the visual world will continue to grow.
An artist's originality might not always translate into immediate personal preference. A piece that radically departs from the norm can be jarring, even unpleasant at first glance. However, by analyzing the artist's groundbreaking techniques, subject matter, or defiance of conventions, we can gain a deeper appreciation for their audacious leap. Even if the style doesn't resonate on an emotional level, we can recognize the artwork's significance in pushing artistic boundaries and paving the way for future creative expression. In essence, appreciating originality allows us to see the artwork not just for what it is, but for what it dared to be.
KEY TAKEAWAYS:
Analyze art through its formal elements: line, shape, color, value, texture, space, and composition.
Consider the artwork's historical and artistic context.
Look for originality, innovation, and boundary pushing
Explore your own emotional response to the work.
Art analysis is a journey, not a destination. Enjoy the process of discovery and keep learning!
More info: artlyinternational.com
The Art of Art Analysis
